Free International Labor Markets

Dear President George W. Bush and All Members of Congress:

People from around the world are drawn to America for its promise of freedom and opportunity. That promise has been fulfilled for the tens of millions of immigrants who came here in the twentieth century.

Throughout our history as an immigrant nation, those who were already here have worried about the impact of newcomers. Yet, over time, immigrants have become part of a richer America, richer both economically and culturally. The current debate over immigration is a healthy part of a democratic society, but as economists and other social scientists we are concerned that some of the fundamental economics of immigration are too often obscured by misguided commentary.

Overall, immigration has been a net gain for American citizens, though a modest one in proportion to the size of our 13 trillion-dollar economy.

Immigrants do not take American jobs. The American economy can create as many jobs as there are workers willing to work so long as labor markets remain free, flexible and open to all workers on an equal basis.

In recent decades, immigration of low-skilled workers may have lowered the wages of domestic low-skilled workers, but the effect is likely to have been small, with estimates of wage reductions for high-school dropouts ranging from eight percent to as little as zero percent.

While a small percentage of native-born Americans may be harmed by immigration, vastly more Americans benefit from the contributions that immigrants make to our economy, including lower consumer prices. As with trade in goods and services, the gains from immigration outweigh the losses. The effect of all immigration on low-skilled workers is very likely positive as many immigrants bring skills, capital and entrepreneurship to the American economy.

Legitimate concerns about the impact of immigration on the poorest Americans should not be addressed by penalizing even poorer immigrants. Instead, we should promote policies, such as improving our education system, that enable Americans to be more productive with high-wage skills.

We must not forget that the gains to immigrants coming to the United States are immense. Immigration is the greatest anti-poverty program ever devised. The American dream is a reality for many immigrants who not only increase their own living standards but who also send billions of dollars of their money back to their families in their home countries—a form of truly effective foreign aid.

America is a generous and open country and these qualities make America a beacon to the world. We should not let exaggerated fears dim that beacon.

American Signatories top^

Jeffery Abarbanell, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Jason Abrevaya, Purdue University Richard Adelstein, Wesleyan University William P. Albrecht, University of Iowa Michael V. Alexeev, Indiana University Bruce T. Allen, Michigan State University Richard A. Almeida, Southeast Missouri State University Lee J. Alston, University of Colorado, Boulder Santosh Anagol, Yale University Gary M. Anderson, California State University, Northridge Michael Anderson, Washington and Lee University Robert M. Anderson, University of California, Berkeley James E. Anderson, Boston College Robert Warren Anderson, George Mason University William L. Anderson, Frostburg State University Dominick T. Armentano, University of Hartford Richard Arnott, Boston College Pierre Azoulay, Columbia University Howard Baetjer, Jr., Towson University Dean Baim, Pepperdine University David Balan, Economist A. Paul Ballantyne, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs Owen Barder, Center for Global Development Frank M. Bass, University of Texas, Dallas Jonathan J. Bean, Southern Illinois University Peter M. Beattie, Michigan State University Scott Beaulier, Mercer University John H. Beck, Gonzaga University Stacie Beck, University of Delaware Steven R. Beckman, University of Colorado, Denver David T. Beito, University of Alabama Jere R. Behrman, University of Pennsylvania Donald M. Bellante, University of South Florida Daniel K. Benjamin, Clemson University Bruce L. Benson, Florida State University George S Berger, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown Ernst R. Berndt, Massachusetts Institute of Technology David Berri, California State University, Bakersfield Alberto Bisin, New York University Linda J. Bilmes, Harvard University Greg Blankenship, Illinois Policy Institute Alan S. Blinder, Princeton University Barry Boardman, Chief Economist, Kentucky Legislature Alan E. Boese, Virginia State University Peter J. Boettke, George Mason University Elizabeth C. Bogan, Princeton University Cecil E. Bohanon, Ball State University Ben W. Bolch, Rhodes College James E. Bond, Seattle University Robert A. Book, Independent Economist Thomas E. Borcherding, Claremont Graduate University Michael D. Bordo, Rutgers University Donald Boudreaux, George Mason University Scott Bradford, Brigham Young University Ryan R. Brady, United States Naval Academy Serguey Braguinsky, State University of New York, Buffalo Jorge Bravo, Duke University Stephen Eric Bronner, Rutgers University Taggert J. Brooks, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse Wayne T. Brough, Freedom Works Robert K. Buchele, Smith College Mark Buckley, University of California, Santa Cruz James B. Burnham, Duquesne University James L. Butkiewicz, University of Delaware Bruce Caldwell, University of North Carolina, Greensboro John E. Calfee, American Enterprise Institute Joe Calhoun, Florida State University Anil Caliskan, George Mason University Charles W. Calomiris, Columbia University Noel Campbell, North Georgia College and State University Bryan Caplan, George Mason University Robert S. Carlsen, University of Colorado, Denver Bo A. Carlsson, Case Western Reserve University Robert B. Catlett, Emporia State University Emily Chamlee-Wright, Beloit College Henry W. Chappell, Jr., University of South Carolina Kristine L. Chase, St. Mary’s College of California Carl F. Christ, Johns Hopkins University Harold Christensen, Centenary College of Louisiana Lawrence R. Cima, John Carroll University James E. Clark, Wichita State University R. Morris Coats, Nicholls State University Loren Cobb, The Quaker Economist Mark A. Cohen, Vanderbilt University Ben Collier, Northwest Missouri State University William B. Conerly, Conerly Consulting LLC Patrick Conway, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill John E. Coons, University of California, Berkeley Lee A. Coppock, University of Virginia Roy E. Cordato, John Locke Foundation Paul N. Courant, University of Michigan Tyler Cowen, George Mason University Dennis J. Coyle, Catholic University of America Christopher J. Coyne, Hampden-Sydney College Donald Cox, Boston College Erik D. Craft, University of Richmond Peter Cramton, University of Maryland Maureen S. Crandall, National Defense University Robert Thomas Crow, Business Economics David Cuberes, Clemson University Kirby R. Cundiff, Northeastern State University Scott Cunningham, University of Georgia Christopher Curran, Emory University Hugh M. Curtler, Southwest Minnesota State University Kirk Dameron, Colorado State University Jerry W. Dauterive, Loyola University New Orleans Paul A. David, Stanford University Antony Davies, Dequesne University Steven J. Davis, University of Chicago Alan V. Deardorff, University of Michigan Alan de Brauw, Williams College Gregory Delemeester, Marietta College Bradford DeLong, University of California, Berkeley Michael Dennis, College of the Redwoods Arthur T. Denzau, Claremont Graduate University Arthur M. Diamond, Jr., University of Nebraska, Omaha John L. Dobra, University of Nevada, Reno Asif Dowla, St. Mary’s College of Maryland Daniel W. Drezner, University of Chicago Lloyd Dumas, University of Texas at Dallas Manoranjan Dutta, Rutgers University William R. Easterly, New York University Richard M. Ebeling, Foundation for Economic Education John C. Edmunds, Babson College John B. Egger, Towson University Barry J. Eichengreen, University of California, Berkeley Eric Eliason, Brigham Young University Jerome R. Ellig, George Mason University Randall P. Ellis, Boston University Sara Fisher Ellison, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Jeffrey C. Ely, Northwestern University Ross B. Emmett, Michigan State University Richard E. Ericson, East Carolina University Barry S. Fagin, United States Air Force Academy Frank Falero, Jr., California State University, Bakersfield Jonathan Falk, NERA Economic Consulting Eugene F. Fama, University of Chicago Susan K. Feigenbaum, University of Missouri, St. Louis Roger D. Feldman, University of Minnesota J. Peter Ferderer, Macalester College David N. Figlio, University of Florida Morris P. Fiorina, Stanford University Hartmut Fischer, University of San Francisco Eric Fisher, Ohio State University Franklin M. Fisher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robert J. Flanagan, Stanford University Mark C. Foley, Davidson College Fred E. Foldvary, Santa Clara University William F. Ford, Middle Tennessee State University Peter Frank, Wingate University Robert H. Frank, Cornell University Michele Fratianni, Indiana University Jesse M. Fried, University of California,. Berkeley Lowell E. Gallaway, Ohio University Gary M. Galles, Pepperdine University B. Delworth Gardner, Brigham Young University Judith Gans, University of Arizona Justin Garosi, North Dakota State University David E. R. Gay, University of Arkansas Adam K. Gehr, Jr., DePaul University Michael Giberson, Independent Economist Douglas M. Gibler, University of Kentucky Adam Gifford, Jr., California State University, Northridge John Gillingham, University of Missouri, St. Louis William Gissy, Kennesaw State University Edward L. Glaeser, Harvard University Nathan Glazer, Harvard University Brian Goff, Western Kentucky University Steven M. Goldman, University of California, Berkeley Deborah Goldsmith, City College of San Francisco Don Goldstein, Allegheny College Jack A. Goldstone, George Mason University Peter Gordon, University of Southern California Richard L. Gordon, The Pennsylvania State University Roger H. Gordon, University of California, San Diego Scott F. Grannis, Western Asset Management Wayne B. Gray, Clark University Martin Greenberger, University of California, Los Angeles Michael Greenstone, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gene M. Grossman, Princeton University Peter Z. Grossman, Butler University Richard S. Grossman, Wesleyan University James D. Gwartney, Florida State University David D. Haddock, Northwestern University Larry M. Hall, Belmont University James Halteman, Wheaton College W. Michael Haneman, University of California, Berkeley Robin Hanson, George Mason University Andrew Hanssen, Montana State University Stephen K. Happel, Arizona State University W. Penn Hardwerker, University of Connecticut Donald J. Harris, Stanford University M. Kabir Hassan, University of New Orleans Kevin A. Hassett, American Enterprise Institute Robert H. Haveman, University of Wisconsin Thomas Hazlett, George Mason University Cary W. Heath, University of Louisiana, Lafayette James J. Heckman, Nobel Laureate, University of Chicago Scott Hein, Texas Tech University Eric A. Helland, Claremont McKenna College David R. Henderson, Hoover Institution Jack High, George Mason University Robert Higgs, The Independent Institute P. J. Hill, Wheaton College Bradley K. Hobbs, Florida Gulf Coast University Randall G. Holcombe, Florida State University Harry J. Holzer, Georg etown University Richard Hooley, University of Pittsburgh R. Bradley Hoppes, Missouri State University Steven G. Horwitz, St. Lawrence University Daniel E. Houser, George Mason University Douglas A. Houston, University of Kansas Charles W. Howe, University of Colorado, Boulder John S. Howe, University of Missouri, Columbia James E. Howell, Stanford University Frank Howland, Wabash College Hilary W. Hoynes, University of California, Davis James L. Hudson, Northern Illinois University James L. Huffman, Lewis & Clark College Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, San Jose State University David Hummels, Purdue University Lester H. Hunt, University of Wisconsin, Madison Christine Hurt, Marquette University Roxana Idu, SUNY Buffalo Frederick S. Inaba, Washington State University Christopher R. Inama, Golden Gate University Robert P. Inman, University of Pennsylvania Michael Intriligator, University of California, Los Angeles Thomas D. Jeitschko, Michigan State University Bruce K. Johnson, Centre College Douglas H. Joines, University of Southern California Seth K. Jolly, Duke University Garett Jones, Southern Illinois University Kristin Roti Jones, Hartwick College Michael Jones-Correa, Cornell University William H. Kaempfer, University of Colorado, Boulder Alfred E. Kahn, Cornell University Joseph P. Kalt, Harvard University Mark S. Kamlet, Carnegie Mellon University Theodore C. Kariotis, Towson University Stephen H. Karlson, Northern Illinois University Jonathan M. Karpoff, University of Washington David L. Kaserman, Auburn University Raymond J. Keating, Small Business and Entrepreneurial Council Peter B. Kenen, Princeton University Miles S. Kimball, University of Michigan Meelis, Kitsing, University of Massachusetts Robin Klay, Hope College Benjamin Klein, University of California, Los Angeles Daniel Klein, George Mason University Audrey D. Kline, University of Louisville Paul R. Koch, Olivet Nazarene University Roger Koppl, Fairleigh Dickinson University Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Boston University Melvyn B. Krauss, Hoover Institution Brent E. Kreider, Iowa State University Mordechai E. Kreinin, Michigan State University David W. Kreutzer, James Madison University Lawrence A. Kudlow, Kudlow & Company Mukund S. Kulkarni, Penn State University, Harrisburg

Sumner J. La Croix, University of Hawaii Arthur B. Laffer, A. B. Laffer Associates Courtney LaFountain, University of Texas, Arlington Deepak Lal, University of California, Los Angeles Steven E. Landsburg, University of Rochester Richard N. Langlois, University of Connecticut Nicholas A. Lash, Loyola University Wolfram Latsch, University of Washington Robert A. Lawson, Capital University Phillip LeBel, Montclair State University Don R. Leet, California State University, Fresno Kenneth M. Lehn, University of Pittsburgh David K. Levine, University of California, Los Angeles David M. Levy, George Mason University Dale B. Light, Independent Scholar P. Mather Lindsay, Mather Economics LLC Tian Hao Liu, University of Chicago George Lodge, Harvard University Robert R. Logan, Northern Economic Research Associates Edward J. Lopez, San José State University Franklin A. Lopez, Tulane University Anthony Loviscek, Seton Hall University Robert E. Lucas, Jr., Nobel Laureate, University of Chicago John E. Lunn, Hope College W. Bentley MacLeod, Columbia University Robert Main, Butler University Burton G. Malkiel, Princeton University Laurence Malone, Hartwick College Yuri N. Maltsev, Carthage College N. Gregory Mankiw, Harvard University Geoffrey A. Manne, Lewis & Clark College William F. Marina, Florida Atlantic University Matthew Marlin, Duquesne University Michael L. Marlow, California Polytechnic State University Andres Marroquin Gramajo, George Mason University Giovanni Mastrobuoni, Princeton University David N. Mayer, Capital University Carrie Mayne, Utah Department of Workforce Services Michael J. Mazzeo, Northwestern University Will McBride, George Mason University Deirdre McCloskey, University of Illinois at Chicago Paul W. McCracken, University of Michigan Rachel McCulloch, Brandeis University Michael J. McCully, High Point University Daniel L. McFadden, Nobel Laureate, University of California, Berkeley Joseph A. McKinney, Baylor University Walter W. McMahon, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana Robert McNown, University of Colorado, Boulder Matthew Q. McPherson, Gonzaga University Tom Means, San Jose State University Roger Meiners, University of Texas, Arlington John D. Merrifield, University of Texas, San Antonio Harry Messenheimer, Rio Grande Foundation Carrie Meyer, George Mason University Jacob B. Michaelsen, University of California, Santa Cruz William Milberg, New School for Social Research Paul R. Milgrom, Stanford University Demaris Miller, Psychologist James C. Miller, III, George Mason University Stephen C. Miller, Western Carolina University Maria Minniti Koppl, Babson College Jeffrey A. Miron, Harvard University Wilson Mixon, Berry College Robert Moffitt, Johns Hopkins University Michael R. Montgomery, University of Maine Cassandra Chrones Moore, Cato Institute Thomas Gale Moore, Hoover Institution John C. Moorhouse, Wake Forest University Michael A. Morrisey, University of Alabama at Birmingham Andrew P. Morriss, Case Western Reserve University Milton L. Mueller, Syracuse University Robert F. Mulligan, Western Carolina University Michael C. Munger, Duke University Ben Muse, Economist David B. Mustard, University of Georgia Richard F. Muth, Emory University Thomas J. Nechyba, Duke University Robert H. Nelson, University of Maryland Russell Nelson, Economist Hugh B. Nicholas Jr., Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center M. Scott Niederjohn, Lakeland College Eli M. Noam, Columbia University Roger G. Noll, Stanford University Masao Ogaki, Ohio State University Lee Ohanian, University of California, Los Angeles David J. O’Hara, Metropolitan State University Randal O’Toole, Thoreau Institute Lydia D. Ortega, San Jose State University Evan Osborne, Wright State University Randall E. Parker, East Carolina University Allen M. Parkman, University of New Mexico Jeffrey S. Parlow, Macomb Community College Mark V. Pauly, University of Pennsylvania Matthew C. Pearson, University of California, Davis Sandra J. Peart, Baldwin-Wallace College William S. Peirce, Case Western Reserve University Robert L. Pennington, University of Central Florida Jeffrey M. Perloff, University of California, Berkeley Timothy Perri, Appalachian State University Mark J. Perry, University of Michigan, Flint William H. Peterson, Ludwig von Mises Institute William S. Peirce, Case Western Reserve University Owen R. Phillips, University of Wyoming Robert S. Pindyck, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joseph S. Pomykala, Towson University Steven Postrel, Southern Methodist University Benjamin Powell, The Independent Institute John M. Quigley, University of California, Berkeley Carlos Ramirez, George Mason University Elizabeth L. Rankin, Centenary College of Louisiana James B. Ramsey, New York University Ronald A. Ratti, University of Missouri, Columbia Salim Rashid, University of Illinois, Champaigne-Urbana Laura Razzolini, Virginia Commonwealth University Edward M. Rice, University of Washington Raymond Riezman, University of Iowa Salvador Rivera, State University of New York, Cobleskill Luis N. Rivera-Pagan, Princeton University Richard W. Rahn, Center for Global Economic Growth Mario J. Rizzo, New York University Michael J. Rizzo, Centre College Donald John Roberts, Stanford University Seth Roberts, University of California, Berkeley Malcolm Robinson, Thomas More College James D. Rodgers, Pennsylvania State University Harvey S. Rosen, Princeton University Nathan Rosenberg, Stanford University Philip Rothman, East Carolina University Ronald D. Rotunda, George Mason University Brian Rowe, University of Michigan Charles T. Rubin, Duquesne University Paul H. Rubin, Emory University Gerard Russo, University of Hawaii Andrew R. Rutten, Stanford University Matt E. Ryan, West Virginia University Andrew Samwick, Dartmouth College Steven C. Salop, Georgetown University Raymond D. Sauer, Jr., Clemson University Thomas R. Saving, Texas A & M University W. Charles Sawyer, University of Southern Mississippi Edward M. Scahill, University of Scranton D. Eric Schansberg, Indiana University, New Albany Thomas C. Schelling, Nobel Laureate, University of Maryland Richard Schmalensee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ken Schoolland, Hawaii Pacific University Stewart J. Schwab, Cornell University Anna J. Schwartz, National Bureau of Economic Research Kenneth E. Scott, Stanford University Carlos C. Seiglie, Rutgers University Barry J. Seldon, University of Texas, Dallas George A. Selgin, University of Georgia Richard Sennett, Massachusetts Institute of Technology John F. Shampton, Texas Wesleyan University Richard Sherlock, Utah State University Tyler G. Shumway, University of Michigan Randy T. Simmons, Utah State University Rita Simon, American University Charles David Skipton, University of Tampa Daniel J. Slottje, Southern Methodist University W. Gene Smiley, Marquette University Alastair Smith, New York University Charles Welstead Smith, Ohio State University James F. Smith, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Jeffrey Smith, University of Michigan Karl Smith, North Carolina State University Nathan Smith, World Bank Robert S. Smith, Cornell University Vernon L. Smith, Nobel Laureate, George Mason University Russell S. Sobel, West Virginia University Ilya Somin, George Mason University John W. Sommer, Political Economy Research Institute John C. Soper, John Carroll University Martin C. Spechler, Indiana University David B. Spence, University of Texas, Austin Mark Steckbeck, Hillsdale College Roland Stephen, North Carolina State University E. Frank Stephenson, Berry College Robert M. Stern, University of Michigan Robert T. Stewart, Fordham University Hans Stoll, Vanderbilt University Edward P. Stringham, San Jose State University Amy H. Sturgis, Belmont University Paul J. Sullivan, Georgetown University Anita Summers, University of Pennsylvania Scott Sumner, Bentley College William A. Sundstrom, Santa Clara University Shirley V. Svorny, California State University, Northridge Aaron M. Swoboda, University of Pittsburgh Richard E. Sylla, New York University Alexander Tabarrok, The Independent Institute John A. Tatom, Indiana State University Jason E. Taylor, Central Michigan University David J. Theroux, The Independent Institute Clifford F. Thies, Shenandoah University Christopher R. Thomas, University of South Florida T. Nicolaus Tideman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Richard H. Timberlake, Jr., University of G eorgia Robert D. Tollison, Clemson University Mark Toma, University of Kentucky John F. Tomer, Manhattan College Jay L. Tontz, California State University, East Bay Joel P. Trachtman, Tufts University Adrian E. Tschoegl, University of Pennsylvania Kevin K. Tsui, Clemson University David Tufte, Southern Utah Unhiversity Frederick Tung, Emory University Gordon Tullock, George Mason University Chad S. Turner, Nicholls State University Nicola C. Tynan, Dickinson College Michelle A. Vachris, Christopher Newport University John J. Villarreal, California State University, East Bay Georg Vanberg, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Mark Van Boening, University of Mississippi T. Norman Van Cott, Ball State University Hendrik Van den Berg, University of Nebraska, Lincoln Alvaro Vargas Llosa, The Independent Institute Karen I. Vaughn, George Mason University Richard K. Vedder, Ohio University Erik Voeten, George Washington University George Vredeveld, University of Cincinnati Deborah L. Walker, Fort Lewis College Eric Wanner, Russell Sage Foundation Michael R. Ward, University of Texas, Arlington John T. Warner, Clemson University Alan Rufus Waters, California State University, Fresno Michael J. Webb, Regulatory Economics Group William Weber, Southeast Missouri State University Ivo I. Welch, Brown University David L. Weimer, University of Wisconsin, Madison John T. Wenders, University of Idaho J. Fred Weston, University of California, Los Angeles Robert M. Whaples, Wake Forest University Lawrence H. White, University of Missouri, St. Louis Ronald F. White, College of Mount St. Joseph John Whitehead, Appalachian State University Marina v. N. Whitman, University of Michigan Roland Wiederaenders, Austin Capital Management Christopher Wignall, University of California at San Diego (grad econ student) Richard W. Wilcke, University of Louisville James A. Wilcox, University of California, Berkeley Thomas D. Willett, Claremont Graduate University Arlington W. Williams, Indiana University, Bloomington Douglas Wills, University of Washington, Tacoma Bonnie Wilson, St. Louis University Larry T. Wimmer, Brigham Young University Michael K. Wohlgenant, North Carolina State University Barbara Wolfe, University of Wisconsin, Madison Justin Wolfers, University of Pennsylvania Gary Wolfram, Hillsdale College Arthur Woolf, University of Vermont Eric C. Woychik, Strategy Integration LLC Brian Wright, University of California, Berkeley Joshua D. Wright, George Mason University Bruce Yandle, Clemson University David B. Yoffie, Harvard University DeVon L. Yoho, Ball State University Derek K. Yonai, Campbell University Jeffrey T. Young, St. Lawrence University Asghar Zardkoohi, Texas A & M University Lei Zhang, Clemson University Kate Xiao Zhou, University of Hawaii Zenon X. Zygmont, Western Oregon University

Foreign Signatories top^

Lord Meghnad Desai, London School of Economics, England Kevin Dowd, University of Nottingham, England Jose Antonio Fontana, Uruguay Francisco Javier Aparicio, CIDE, Mexico Jurgen G. Backhaus, Erfurt University, Germany Alvaro Bardon, Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile Alberto Benegas-Lynch, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina Niclas Berggren, Ratio Institute, Sweden Andreas Bergh, Lund University, Sweden Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen, University of Hull, England Gregor Bush, BMO Economics, Canada John B. Chilton, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Julio H. Cole, Universidad Francisco Marroquin, Guatemala Janet Coleman, London School of Economics and Political Science, England Enrico Colombatto, University of Torino, Italy Daniel Cordova, Peruvian University of Applied Sciences, Peru Eric Crampton, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Fredrik Erixon, Timbro, Sweden Ana Marie Fossati, Agencia Interamericana de Prensa Económica, Uruguay Angel Solano Garcia, Universitad de Granada, Spain Ronald Hamowy, University of Alberta, Canada Steffen Hentrich, German Advisory Council on the Environment, Berlin, Germany

Andrew Leigh, Australian National University Pierre Lemieux, University of Québec in Outaouais, Canada Christopher R. Lingle, Francisco Marroquin University, Guatemala Lance J. Lochner, University of Western Ontario, Canada Francis T. Lui, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China Robert Nef, Liberales Institut Zurich, Switzerland Jan Narveson, University of Waterloo, Canada Maximilian Oberbauer, University of Vienna, Austria John F. Opie, Feri Rating & Research GmbH, Germany Mohamed Oudebji, Economics and Social Sciences of Marrakech, Morocco Tomi Ovaska, University of Regina, Canada Eduardo Pegurier, Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Victoria Curzon Price, University of Geneva, Switzerland Herbert Reginbogin, University of Potsdam, Germany Friedrich Schneider, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria Parth J. Shah, Centre for Civil Society, India Claudio Djissey Shikida, Brazil Saul Trejo, Grupo Acex, Mexico Alec van Gelder, International Policy Network, England Sam Vermeersch, NPO Fakbar Letteren, Belgium Anthony M. C. Waterman, University of Manitoba, Canada

Useful References top^

Borjas, George J., and Lawrence F. Katz. 2006. Evoluti
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Card, David. 2005. Is the New Immigration Really So Bad? NBER Working Paper No. 11547. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Card, David, and Ethan G. Lewis. 2005. The Diffusion of Mexican Immigrants During the 1990s: Explanations and Impacts. NBER Working Paper No. 11552. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Couch, Jim F., Brett A. King, William H. Wells, and Peter M. Williams. June 2001. Nation of Origin Bias and the Enforcement of Immigration Laws by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Independent Institute Working Paper. Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute.

Cowen, Tyler, and Daniel Rothschild. May 15, 2006. Hey, Don’t Bad-mouth Unskilled Immigrants: You Don’t Have to Be a Computer Genius to Be Good for the U.S. Los Angeles Times.

__________. June 12, 2006. Blending In, Moving Up. Washington Post.

Friedberg, Rachel M. 2001. The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116 (4): 1373-1408.

Friedberg, Rachel M., and Jennifer Hunt. 1995. The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and Growth, Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (4): 23-44.

Gallaway, Lowell E., Stephen Moore, and Richard K. Vedder. 2000. The Immigration Problem: Then and Now. The Independent Review 4 (3): 347-364.

Gandal, Neil, Gordon H. Hanson, and Matthew J. Slaughter. 2000. Technology, Trade, and Adjustment to Immigration in Israel. NBER Working Paper No. 7962. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Krueger, Alan B. April 6, 2006. Two Labor Economic Issues for the Immigration Debate. Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress.

Ottaviano, Gianmarco I.P., and Giovanni Peri. 2006. Rethinking the Gains from Immigration: Theory and Evidence from the U.S. NBER Working Paper No. 11672. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Powell, Benjamin. April 30, 2005. Immigration, Economic Growth, and the Welfare State. Oakland, Calif.: The Independent institute.

__________. May 18, 2005. Immigration Reform that Both Sides Can Support. San Francisco Business Times.

___________. April 4, 2006. How To Reform Immigration Laws. Atlanta Journal-Constitution.

___________. December 22, 2005. The Pseudo Economic Problems of Immigration. San Diego Union-Tribune.

Powell, Benjamin, and Peter Laufer. September 21, 2005. Immigration Wars: Open or Closed Borders for America? Transcript of Independent Policy Forum. Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute.

Simon, Julian. 1999. The Economic Consequences of Immigration, 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press.

_______. 1990. Population Matters: People, Resources, Environment, and Immigration. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.

Smith, James P., and Barry Edmonston. 1998. The Immigration Debate: Studies on the Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.

Tabarrok, Alexander. 2000. Economic and Moral Factors in Favor of Open Immigration. Oakland, Calif.: The Independent Institute.

Vedder, Richard K., and Lowell E. Gallaway. 1993. Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America, rev. ed. New York: New York University Press for The Independent Institute.